Andrew Stockman
Andrew Stockman
UCL Institute of Ophthalmology
Steers Chair of Investigative Eye Research
Website
Colour & Vision Research Labs database at http://www.cvrl.org
Mailing Address
UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, England.
e-mail: a.stockman@ucl.ac.uk
Education/Qualifications
Institution Degree Year Subject
Univ. of Oxford, England B.A. 1979 Experimental Psychology
Univ. of Cambridge, England Ph.D. 1984 Vision Research
Univ. of California San Diego, USA PostDoc -- Vision Research
Professional History
2004- Honorary Consultant, Medical Retina Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London.
2001- Steers Chair of Investigative Eye Research at the Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London
2000-01 Senior Research Scientist (Step II) at UC San Diego.
1994-99 Associate Research Scientist (Step II, 1994; Step III, 1996; Step IV, 1998) at UC San Diego.
1986‑94 Assistant Research Scientist (Step II, 1988; Step III, 1990; Step IV, 1992) at UC San Diego.
1984-86 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Postdoctoral Fellow at U C San Diego
1979‑83 Graduate student at Trinity College, University of Cambridge
1978 Research Assistant at the University of Cambridge (summer)
Other Appointments and Affiliations
2018- Journal of Vision editorial board
2015-17 Optics Express Associate editor.
2013- Vision Research editorial board
2013-14 Colour Group (GB) vice chair
2011-13 Colour Group (GB) chair
2010-11 Colour Group (GB) vice chair
2009-13 Member of the International Colour Association (AIC) 2013 meeting organizing committee
2006-2008 Colour Group (GB) committee member.
2001-2004 Chair of the Optical Society of America technical division of colour and vision.
1998-2000 Chair of the Optical Society of America technical group on colour.
1996-1998 Vice-chair of the Optical Society of America technical group on colour.
1992- Member of the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) committee that is to choose a fundamental chromaticity diagram with physiologically significant axes.
Memberships
Optical Society of America (OSA), Vision Sciences Society (VSS), International Colour Vision Society (ICVS), Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO), Colour Group of Great Britain, Applied Vision Association.and Inter-Society Color Council (AVA).
Miscellaneous
Reviewer for Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Vision Research, Perception, National Science Foundation, Journal of Neuroscience, Visual Neuroscience, Color Research and Application, Perception and Psychophysics, International Colour Vision Society, and Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Trends in Neuroscience. Regular attendee, presenter and session chair at the VSS, ARVO and OSA meetings. OSA meeting organizer. Colour Group January meeting organiser. Reviewer for the Open University.
Research
Fellowships
Fellow of the Optical Society of America
Major Grants
2018-2021 BBSRC 3-year Research grant
2015-2018 BBSRC 3-year Research grant
2014-2017 BBSRC 3-year Research grant
2012-2016 EPSRC 4-year Research grant
2011-2014 BBSRC 3-year Research grant
2007-2010 BBSRC 3-year Research grant
2006-2010 Fight for Sight 3-year Research grant
2003-2006 Wellcome Trust 3-year Research grant
1999-2001 National Institutes of Health R01 four year project grant EY10206 (terminated 2001, on move to England)
1993-1998 National Institutes of Health R01 five year project grant EY10206.
1992-1993 National Science Foundation three year project grant IBN 92‑10046.
1988-1991 National Science Foundation three year project grant BNS 88‑12401.
1986-1989 National Science Foundation two year project grant BNS 86‑09217.
Stockman, A. (1983). The spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength cone mechanisms. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.
Stockman, A., & Mollon, J. D. (1986). The spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength cones: an extension of the two-colour threshold technique of W S. Stiles. Perception, 15, 729-754.
Chen, B., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Stockman, A. (1987). Improvement in human vision under bright light: grain or gain? Journal of Physiology (London), 394, 41-66.
MacLeod, D. I. A., & Stockman, A. (1987). Duplicity, phase lags and destructive interference in mesopic and scotopic flicker perception. In N. R. C. Working group on night vision (Ed.), Night Vision: current research and future directions Washington: National Academy Press.
Mollon, J. D., Stockman, A., & Polden, P. G. (1987). Transient tritanopia of a second kind. Vision Research, 27, 637-650.
Sharpe, L. T., Fach, C. C., Nordby, K., & Stockman, A. (1989). The incremental threshold of the rod visual system and Weber's law. Science, 244, 354-356.
Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (1989). Rod flicker perception: scotopic duality, phase lags and destructive interference. Vision Research, 29, 1539-1559.
MacLeod, D. I. A., Chen, B., & Stockman, A. (1990). Why do we see better in bright light? In C. B. Blakemore (Ed.), Visual coding and efficiency Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sharpe, L. T., & Stockman, A. (1991). Dual rod pathways. In A. Valberg, & B. B. Lee (Ed.), From pigments to perception. Advances in understanding visual processes New York: Plenum.
Stockman, A., MacLeod, D. I. A., & DePriest, D. D. (1991). The temporal properties of the human short-wave photoreceptors and their associated pathways. Vision Research, 31, 189-208.
Stockman, A., Sharpe, L. T., Zrenner, E., & Nordby, K. (1991). Slow and fast pathways in the human rod visual system: ERG and psychophysics. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 8, 1657-1665.
Sharpe, L. T., Fach, C. C., & Stockman, A. (1992). The field adaptation of the human rod visual system. Journal of Physiology (London), 445, 319-343.
Sharpe, L. T., Fach, C. C., & Stockman, A. (1993). The spectral properties of the two rod pathways. Vision Research, 33, 2705-2720.
Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Fach, C. C., & Markstahler, U. (1993). Temporal and spatial summation in the human rod visual system. Journal of Physiology (London), 463, 325-348.
Stockman, A., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Lebrun, S. (1993). Faster than the eye can see: the blue cones respond to rapid flicker. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10, 1396-1402.
Stockman, A., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Johnson, N. E. (1993). Spectral sensitivities of the human sensitive cones. Journal of the Optical Society A, 10, 2491-2521.
Stockman, A., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Vivien, J. A. (1993). Isolation of the middle- and long-wavelength sensitive cones in normal trichromats. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10, 2471-2490.
Sharpe, L. T., Hofmeister, J., Fach, C. C., & Stockman, A. (1994). Spatial relations of flicker signals in the two rod pathways. Journal of Physiology (London), 474, 421-431.
Stockman, A., Sharpe, L. T, Rüther, K, & Nordby, K. (1995). Two signals in the human rod visual system: a model based on electrophysiological data. Visual Neuroscience, 12, 951-970.
Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Jägle, H., Knau, H., Klausen, G., Reitner, A., & Nathans, J. (1998). Red, green, and red-green hybrid photopigments in the human retina: correlations between deduced protein sequences and psychophysically-measured spectral sensitivities. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 10053-10069.
Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Knau, H., & Jägle, H. (1998). Macular pigment densities derived from central and peripheral spectral sensitivity differences. Vision Research, 38, 3233-3239.
Stockman, A., & Plummer, D. J. (1998). Color from invisible flicker: a failure of the Talbot-Plateau law caused by an early "hard" saturating nonlinearity used to partition the human short-wave cone pathway. Vision Research, 38, 3703-3728.
Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L. T. (1998). Human cone spectral sensitivities: a progress report. Vision Research, 38, 3193-3206.
Sharpe, L. T., & Stockman, A. (1999). Two rod pathways: the importance of seeing nothing. Trends in Neurosciences, 22, 497-504.
Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Jägle, H., Knau, H., & Nathans, J. (1999). L, M and L-M hybrid cone photopigments in man: deriving lmax from flicker photometric spectral sensitivities. Vision Research, 39, 3513-3525.
Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Jägle, H., & Nathans, J. (1999). Opsin genes, cone photopigments, color vision and colorblindness. In K. Gegenfurtner & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Color vision: From Genes to Perception (pp. 3-51) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L. T. (1999). Cone spectral sensitivities and color matching. In K. Gegenfurtner & L. T. Sharpe (Eds.), Color vision: From Genes to Perception (pp. 53-87) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stockman, A., Sharpe, L. T., & Fach, C. C. (1999). The spectral sensitivity of the human short-wavelength cones. Vision Research, 39, 2901-2927.
Stockman, A. and Sharpe, L.T. (2000) Spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength sensitive cones derived from measurements in observers of known genotype. Vision Research, 40, 1711-1737.
Stockman, A. and Sharpe, L.T. (2000) Tritanopic color matches and the middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive cone spectral sensitivities. Vision Research, 40, 1739-1750.
Stockman, A., Sharpe, L.T., Merbs, S. and Nathans, J. (2000) Spectral sensitivities of human cone visual pigments determined in vivo and in vitro. In: K. Palczewski (Ed), Vertebrate phototransduction and the visual cycle, Part B. Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 316, pp. 626-650. Vol. 316. Academic Press, New York.
Stockman, A. (2004). Colorimetry. In: T.G. Brown, K. Creath, H. Kogelnik, M.A. Kriss, J. Schmit, & M.J. Weber (Eds.), The Optics Encyclopedia: Basic Foundations and Practical Applications, 1 (pp. 207-226). Berlin: Wiley-VCH.
Stockman, A., Plummer, D.J., & Montag, E.D. (2005). Spectrally-opponent inputs to the human luminance pathway: slow +M and -L cone inputs revealed by intense long-wavelength adaptation. Journal of Physiology, 566, 61-76.
Stockman, A., & Plummer, D.J. (2005). Spectrally-opponent inputs to the human luminance pathway: slow +L and -M cone inputs revealed by low to moderate long-wavelength adaptation. Journal of Physiology, 566, 77-91.
Ebenezer, N.D., Michaelides, M., Jenkins, S.A., Audo, I., Webster, A.R., Cheetham, M.E., Stockman, A., Maher, E.R., Ainsworth, J.R., Yates, J.R., Bradshaw, K., Holder, G.E., Moore, A.T., & Hardcastle, A.J. (2005). Identification of novel RPGR ORF15 mutations in X-linked progressive cone-rod dystrophy (XLCORD) families. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 46, 1891-1898.
Stockman, A., & Plummer, D.J. (2005). Long-wavelength adaptation reveals slow, spectrally-opponent inputs to the human luminance pathway. Journal of Vision, 5, 702-716
Sharpe, L.T., Stockman, A., Jagla, W., & Jägle, H. (2005). A luminous efficiency function, V*(λ), for daylight adaptation. Journal of Vision, 5, 948-968.
Stockman, A., Sharpe, L.T., Tufail, A., Kell, P.D., & Jeffery, G. (2006). Viagra® slows the visual response to flicker. Current Biology, 16, R44-R45.
Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L.T. (2006). Into the twilight zone: the complexities of mesopic vision and luminous efficiency. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 26, 225-239.
Smithson, H.E., Khan, S., Sharpe, L.T., & Stockman, A. (2006). Transitions between colour categories mapped with reverse Stroop interference and facilitation. Visual Neuroscience, 23, 453-460.
Stockman, A., Montag, E.D., & Plummer, D.J. (2006). Paradoxical shifts in human colour sensitivity caused by constructive and destructive interference between signals from the same cone class. Visual Neuroscience, 23, 471-478.
Stockman, A., Langendörfer, M., Smithson, H. E., & Sharpe, L. T. (2006). Human cone sensitivity regulation from perception to molecular mechanisms. Journal of Vision, 6, 1194-1213.
Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L.T. (2006). Physiologically-based colour matching functions. In Proceedings of the ISCC/CIE Expert Symposium '06: 75 Years of the CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer (pp. 13-20). Vienna: CIE Central Bureau.
Stockman, A., Langendörfer, M., & Sharpe, L. T. (2007). Human S-cone light adaptation. Journal of Vision, 7(3), 4, 1-17.
Stockman, A., Smithson, H. E., Michaelides, M., Moore, A. T., Webster, A. R., & Sharpe, L. T. (2007). Residual cone vision without α-transducin. Journal of Vision, 7(4), 8, 1-14.
Stockman, A., Sharpe, L. T., Tufail, A., Kell, P. D., Ripamonti, C., & Jeffery, G. (2007). The effect of sildenafil citrate (Viagra®) on visual sensitivity. Journal of Vision, 7(8), 4, 1-15.
Bainbridge, J. W. B., Smith, A. J., Barker, S. S., Robbie, S., Henderson, R., Balaggan, K., Viswanathan, A., Holder, G.E., Stockman, A., Tyler, N., Petersen-Jones, S., Bhattacharya, S.S., Thrasher, A.J., Fitzke, F.W., Carter, B.J., Rubin, G.S., Moore, A.T., Ali, R.R. (2008). Effect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber’s congenital amaurosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 1-9.
Sharpe, L. T., & Stockman, A. (2008). Luminous efficiency functions. In C. J. Barnstable & J. Tombran-Tink (Eds.), Visual Transduction and Non Visual Light Perception. (pp. 329-351) Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press.
Stockman, A., Jägle, H., Pirzer, M., & Sharpe, L. T. (2008). The dependence of luminous efficiency on chromatic adaptation. Journal of Vision, 8(16), 1, 1-26.
Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L. T. (2008). Human cone spectral sensitivities and color vision deficiencies. In C. J. Barnstable & J. Tombran-Tink (Eds.), Visual Transduction and Non Visual Light Perception. (pp. 307-327) Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press.
Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L. T. (2008). Spectral sensitivity. In T. D. Albright & R. H. Masland (Eds.), The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference, Volume 2: Vision II (pp. 87-100). San Diego: Academic Press Inc.
Stockman, A., Smithson, H. E., Webster, A. R., Holder, G. E., Rana, N. A., Ripamonti, C., & Sharpe, L. T. (2008). The loss of the PDE6 deactivating enzyme, RGS9, results in precocious light adaptation at low light levels. Journal of Vision, 8(1), 10, 1-10.
Ripamonti, C., Woo, W. L., Crowther, E., & Stockman, A. (2009). The S-cone contribution to luminance depends on the M- and L-cone adaptation levels: silent surrounds? Journal of Vision, 9(3), 10, 11-16.
Smithson, H. E., Henning, G. B., MacLeod, D. I. A., & Stockman, A. (2009). The effect of notched noise on flicker detection and discrimination. Journal of Vision, 9(5), 21, 1-18.
Brainard, D.H., & Stockman, A. (2010). Colorimetry. In M. Bass, C. DeCusatis, J. Enoch, V. Lakshminarayanan, G. Li, C. Macdonald, V. Mahajan & E. van Stryland (Eds.), The Optical Society of America Handbook of Optics, 3rd edition, Volume III: Vision and Vision Optics. New York: McGraw Hill.
Stockman, A., & Brainard, D. H. (2010). Color vision mechanisms. In M. Bass, C. DeCusatis, J. Enoch, V. Lakshminarayanan, G. Li, C. Macdonald, V. Mahajan & E. van Stryland (Eds.), The Optical Society of America Handbook of Optics, 3rd edition, Volume III: Vision and Vision Optics. New York: McGraw Hill.
Stockman, A., Candler, T., & Sharpe, L. T. (2010). Human scotopic sensitivity is regulated postreceptorally by changing the speed of the scotopic response. Journal of Vision, 10(2), 12, 1-19.
Gardner, J. C., Webb, T. R., Kanuga, N., Robson, A. G., Holder, G. E., Stockman, A., Ripamonti, C., Ebenezer, N.D., Ogun, O., Devery, S., Wright, G.A., Maher, E.R., Cheetham, M.E., Moore, A.T., Michaelides, M., Hardcastle, A.J. (2010). X-linked cone cystrophy (XLCOD5) caused by mutation of the red and green cone opsins. American Journal of Human Genetics, 87, 26-39.
Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Jagla, W., & Jägle, H. (2011). A luminous efficiency function, V*(l), for daylight adaptation: a correction. Color Research & Application, 36, 42-46.
Gardner, J. C., Webb, T. R., Kanuga, N., Robson, A. G., Holder, G. E., Stockman, A., Ripamonti, C., Ebenezer, N.D., Ogun, O., Devery, S., Wright, G.A., Maher, E.R., Cheetham, M.E., Moore, A.T., Michaelides, M., Hardcastle, A.J. (2012). A novel missense mutation in both OPN1LW and OPN1MW cone opsin genes causes X-linked cone dystrophy (XLCOD5) Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology, 723, 595-601.
Petrova, D., Henning, G. B., & Stockman, A. (2013). The temporal characteristics of the early and late stages of L- and M-cone pathways that signal colour. Journal of Vision, Journal of Vision, 13(4), 2, 1-26.
Petrova, D., Henning, G. B., & Stockman, A. (2013). The temporal characteristics of the early and late stages of L- and M-cone pathways that signal brightness. Journal of Vision, 13(7), 15, 1-23.
Mukherjee, R., Robson, A. G., Holder, G. E., Stockman, A., Egan, C. A., Moore, A. T., & Webster, A. R. (2014). A detailed phenotypic description of autosomal dominant cone dystrophy due to a de novo mutation in the GUCY2D gene. Eye, 28, 481-487.
Ripamonti, C., Aboshiha, J., Henning, G. B., Sergouniotis, I. P., Michaelides, M., Moore, A. T., Webster, A., & Stockman, A. (2014). Vision in observers with enhanced S-cone syndrome: an excess of S-cones but connected mainly to conventional S-cone pathways. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 55(2), 963-976.
Ripamonti, C., Henning, G. B., Ali, R. R., Bainbridge, J. W., Robbie, S. J., Sundaram, R., Luong, V., van den Borg, V. I., Casteels, I., de Ravel, T., Moore, A. T., & Stockman, A. (2014). Nature of the visual loss in observers with Leber's congenital amaurosis caused by mutations in RPE65. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 55(10), 6817-6828.
Stockman, A., Henning, G. B., Michaelides, M., Moore, A. T., Webster, A., Cammack, J., & Ripamonti, C. (2014). Cone dystrophy with “supernormal” rod ERG: psychophysical testing shows comparable rod and cone temporal sensitivity losses with no gain in rod function. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 55(2), 832-840.
Stockman, A., Henning, G. B., Moore, A. T., Webster, A., Michaelides, M., & Ripamonti, C. (2014). Visual consequences of molecular changes in the guanylate cyclase activating protein. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 55(3), 1930-1940.
Stockman, A., Petrova, D., & Henning, G. B. (2014). Colour and brightness encoded in a common L- and M-cone pathway with expansive and compressive nonlinearities? Journal of Vision, 14(3), 1, 1-32.
Bainbridge, J. W. B., Mehat, M. S., Sundaram, V., Robbie, S. J., Barker, S. E., Ripamonti, C., Georgiadis, A., Mowat, F. M., Beatie, S. G., Gardner, P. J., Feathers, K. L., Luong, V. A., Yzer, S., Balaggan, K., Viswanathan, A., de Ravel, T. J. L., Casteels, I., Holder, G. E., Tyler, N., Fitzke, F., Weleber, R. G., Nardini, M., Moore, A., Thompson, D. A., Petersen-Jones, S. M., Michaelides, M., van den Born, L. I., Stockman, A., Smith, A. J., Rubin, G., & Ali, R. R. (2015). Long-term effect of gene therapy on Leber congenital amaurosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(20), 1887-1897.
Ripamonti, C., Henning, G. B., Robbie, S. J., Sundaram, V., van den Born, L. I., Casteels, I., de Ravel, T. J. L., Moore, A.T., Smith, A. J., Bainbridge, J. W. B., Ali, R. R., & Stockman, A. (2015). Spectral sensitivity measurements reveal partial success in restoring missing rod function with gene therapy. Journal of Vision, 15(15), 20, 1-16.
Stockman, A., & Brainard, D. H. (2015). Fundamentals of color vision I: Color processing in the eye. In A. J. Elliot, M. D. Fairchild & A. Franklin (Eds.), Handbook of Color Psychology (pp. 27-69). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cammack, J., Whight, J., Cross, V., Rider, A., Webster, A., & Stockman, A. (2016). Psychophysical measures of visual function and everyday perceptual experience in a case of congenital stationary night blindness. Clinical Ophthalmology, 10, 1593–1606.
Stockman, A. (2016). CIE physiologically-based colour matching functions and chromaticity diagrams. In R. Luo (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology. (pp. 165-173). Berlin: Springer.
Stockman, A. (2016). Cone fundamentals. In R. Luo (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology. (pp. 541-546). Berlin: Springer, in press.
Majander, A., C., J., G.B., H., M., V., Yu-Wai-Man, P., & Stockman, A. (2017). The pattern of retinal ganglion cell loss in OPA1-related autosomal dominant optic atrophy inferred from temporal, spatial and chromatic sensitivity losses. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 58, 502-516.
Majander, A., Robson, A. G., João, C., Holder, G. E., Chinnery, P. F., Moore, A. T., Votruba, M., Stockman, A., & Yu-Wai-Man, P. (2017). The pattern of retinal ganglion cell dysfunction in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Mitochondrion, 36(supplement C), 138-149.
Stockman, A., Henning, G. B., West, P., Rider, A. T., Smithson, H. E., & Ripamonti, C. (2017). Hue shifts produced by temporal asymmetries in chromatic signals. Journal of Vision, 17(9), 2, 1-21.
Stockman, A., Henning, G. B., West, P., Rider, A. T., & Ripamonti, C. (2017). Hue shifts produced by temporal asymmetries in chromatic signals depend on the alignment of the 1st and 2nd harmonics. Journal of Vision, 17(9), 3, 1-24.
Stockman, A., Henning, G. B., & Rider, A. T. (2017). Linear-nonlinear models of the red-green chromatic pathway. Journal of Vision, 17(13), 7, 1-17.
Stockman, A., Henning, G.B., Anwar, S., Starba, R., & Rider, A. (2018). Delayed cone-opponent signals in the luminance pathway. Journal of Vision, 16(2), 6, 1-35.
Rider, A.T., Henning, G.B., Eskew, R.T., Jr., & Stockman, A. (2018). Harmonics added to a flickering light can upset the balance between ON and OFF pathways producing Illusory colors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 115(17), E4081-E4090 .
Stockman, A., Henning, G.B., Smithson, H.E., & Rider, A.T. (2018). Delayed S-cone sensitivity losses following the onset of intense yellow backgrounds linked to the lifetime of a photobleaching product? Journal of Vision, 18(6), 12, 1-15.
Conway, B. R., Eskew, R.T., Jr., Martin, P.R., & Stockman, A. (2018). A tour of contemporary color vision research. Vision Research, 151, 2-6.
Stockman, A. (2019). Cone fundamentals and CIE standards. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 30, 87-93.
Rider, A.T., Henning, G.B., & Stockman, A. (2019). Light adaptation controls visual sensitivity by adjusting the speed and gain of the response to light. PLOS ONE, 14(8), e0220358.